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| Architecture |
Genesis 11:3 |
“And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them throughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar.“
A building is to be erected of brick and asphalt. The Babylonian soil is still celebrated for these architectural materials. There is here a fine clay, mingled with sand, forming the very best material for brick, while stones are not to be found at a convenient distance. Asphalt is found boiling up from the soil in the neighborhood of Babylon and of the Dead Sea, which is hence called the “lacus Asphaltites.” The asphalt springs of Is or Hit on the Euphrates are celebrated by many writers. “Burn them thoroughly.” Sun-dried bricks are very much used in the East for building purposes. These, however, were to be burned, and thereby rendered more durable. “Brick for stone.” This indicates a writer belonging to a country and an age in which stone buildings were familiar, and therefore not to Babylonia. Brickmaking was well known to Moses in Egypt; but this country also abounds in quarries and splendid erections of stone, and the Sinaitic peninsula is a mass of granitic hills. The Shemites mostly inhabited countries abounding in stone. “Asphalt for mortar.” Asphalt is a mineral pitch. The word rendered mortar means at first clay, and then any kind of cement.
NOTE: Moses wrote about asphalt more than 6000 years ago, however, modern historians site its discovery and first use somewhere in England in the 1700s.
The people of early Biblical time knew the nature of bricks, and how to make them before. The brothers of Tubalcain, before the flood, were the first inventors of them. There are some that say that his brothers invented the way of making walls of bricks. From the generation of Tubalcain came two brothers, who invented the way of mixing straw or stubble with brick clay, and to dry them by the sun, and so found out tiling of houses. Now in the plain of Shinar, though it afforded no stones, yet they could dig clay enough to make bricks, and which they proposed to burn thoroughly, that they might be fit for their purpose. According to an eastern tradition, they were three years employed in making and burning those bricks, each of which was thirteen cubits long, ten broad, and five thick, and were forty years in building.
These people could not get stone, which they would have chosen, as more durable; they got the best bricks they could make, and instead of mortar they used slime; or what the Septuagint version calls “asphaltos”, a bitumen, or kind of pitch, of which there was great plenty in that neighborhood. Herodotus speaking of the building of Babylon, uses language very much like the Scripture; digging a foss or ditch, the earth which was cast up they formed into bricks, and drawing large ones, they burnt them in furnaces, using for lime or mortar hot asphaltos or bitumen. Eight days journey from Babylon was another city, called Is, where was a small river of the same name, which ran into the river Euphrates, and with its water were carried many lumps of bitumen, and from hence it was conveyed to the walls of Babylon. This city is now called Ait. Alexander, in his march to Babylon, came to a city called Mennis, where was a cavern, from whence a fountain threw out a vast quantity of bitumen or pitch; so that, says he, it is plain, that the huge walls of Babylon were daubed with the bitumen of this fountain; and he afterwards speaks of the walls, towers, and houses, being built of brick, and cemented with it; and that the walls of Babylon were built of bricks, cemented with bitumen; and not only these, but all Heathen authors that write of Babylon, confirm this; and not only historians, but poets, of which Bochart has made a large collection; as well as Josephus speaks of it, and this sort of pitch still remains. Rauwolff says near the bridge over the Euphrates, where Babylon stood, are several heaps of Babylonian pitch, which is in some places grown so hard, that you may walk over it; but in others, that which hath been lately brought over thither is so soft, that you may see every step you make in it. |
| Astronomy |
Isaiah 40:22 |
“It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in.“
NOTE: Around 6,000 years ago, the prophet Isaiah said the earth was circular or round. Science began hypothesizing about this around 5,600 years later and only validated it, in recent years, sending astronauts into space.
It has actually been known that the earth was round since the time of the ancient Greeks. Pythagoras first proposed that the earth was round sometime around 500 B.C. He based his idea on the fact that he showed the moon must be round by observing the shape of the terminator (the line between the part of the moon in light and the part of the moon in the dark) as it moved through its orbital cycle. Pythagoras reasoned that if the moon was round, then the earth must be round as well. After that, sometime between 500 B.C. and 430 B.C., a fellow called Anaxagoras determined the true cause of solar and lunar eclipses - and then the shape of the earth’s shadow on the moon during a lunar eclipse was also used as evidence that the earth was round.
Around 350 BC, the great Aristotle declared that the earth was a sphere (based on observations he made about which constellations you could see in the sky as you travelled further and further away from the equator) and during the next hundred years or so, Aristarchus and Eratosthenes actually measured the size of the earth!
(source used: starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov) |
| Earth Science |
Genesis 11:3 |
“And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them throughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter.“
Asphalt is found boiling up from the soil in the neighborhood of Babylon and of the Dead Sea, which is hence called the “lacus Asphaltites.” The asphalt springs of Is or Hit on the Euphrates are celebrated by many writers. Asphalt is a mineral pitch.
Rather than mortar [the Babylonians] used slime; or what the Septuagint version of the Bible calls “asphaltos”, a bitumen, or kind of pitch, of which there was great plenty there. There was a city near Babylon called Ait, of which a traveller of the last century gives the following account; “from the ruins of old Babylon we came to a town called Ait, inhabited only with Arabians, but very ruinous; near unto which town is a valley of pitch, very marvellous to behold, and a thing almost incredible wherein are many springs throwing out abundantly a kind of black substance, like unto tar and pitch, which serveth all the countries thereabout to make staunch their barks and boats; everyone of which springs makes a noise like a smith’s forge, which never ceaseth night nor day, and the noise is heard a mile off, swallowing up all weighty things that come upon it; the Moors call it “the mouth of hell.” Apparently Alexander, in his march to Babylon, came to a city called Mennis, where there was a cavern, from whence a fountain threw out a vast quantity of bitumen or pitch; so that, says he, it is plain, that the huge walls of Babylon were daubed with the bitumen of this fountain.
There is an additional ancient account that near the bridge over the Euphrates, where Babylon stood, are several heaps of Babylonian pitch, which is in some places grown so hard, that you may walk over it; but in others, that which hath been lately brought over thither is so soft, that you may see every step you make in it. |
| Geology |
Genesis 11:3 |
“And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them throughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter.“
Instead of mortar [the Babylonians] used slime; or what the Septuagint version calls “asphaltos”, a bitumen, or kind of pitch, of which there was great plenty in that neighborhood. The was a city near Babylon called Ait, of which a traveller of the last century gives the following account; “from the ruins of old Babylon we came to a town called Ait, inhabited only with Arabians, but very ruinous; near unto which town is a valley of pitch, very marvellous to behold, and a thing almost incredible wherein are many springs throwing out abundantly a kind of black substance, like unto tar and pitch, which serveth all the countries thereabout to make staunch their barks and boats; everyone of which springs makes a noise like a smith’s forge, which never ceaseth night nor day, and the noise is heard a mile off, swallowing up all weighty things that come upon it; the Moors call it “the mouth of hell.” Apparently Alexander, in his march to Babylon, came to a city called Mennis, where there was a cavern, from whence a fountain threw out a vast quantity of bitumen or pitch; so that, says he, it is plain, that the huge walls of Babylon were daubed with the bitumen of this fountain. |
| Agriculture |
2 Thessalonians 2:6 |
“And now ye know what withholdeth that he might be revealed in his time.“
The husbandman must first till his ground before he can expect a crop; and he must till it according to the proper rules of agriculture, else he cannot have a crop. The combatant must fight and conquer, and fight according to the laws of the agones, before he can be crowned; so the Christian minister must labor in the spiritual vineyard, and labor too under the eye and according to the direction of his Master, before he can expect that crown of righteousness that fades not away.
The “rules of agriculture” entail the idea that a good rain must occur before planting (called “the former rain”) and also before the harvest (called “the latter rain”). Farmers and gardeners know that it is better to have rain before planting because is prepares the soil with aeration and provides a light, moist, and humus texture. This is just right for the plow. This also avoids the hard crusting over the seeds that occurs with rains just after planting in moistureless soil preventing growth. Another factor of rain before, rather than after planting, is that it avoids the formation of a plow pan beneath the surface, which prevents good drainage beneath the soil that is essential for plant growth, during rains.
The “laws of agones” refers to the requirement to go through the struggles that come our way in order to receive victory. The word “agones” is plural for “agon” which means, “persevere”. This is descriptive of what is required to achieve victory or a crown. An analogy might be that the caterpillar struggles from within its cocoon to become a butterfly. |
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